Graphic design is an applied art and profession [2] that uses text and graphics to communicate visually. Graphic design is an interdisciplinary branch of design [1] and a branch of the fine arts. Its practice involves creativity , innovation and lateral thinking using manual or digital tools. The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is that of encoder or interpreter of the message. They work on the interpretation, ordering, and presentation of visual messages.

Usually, graphic design uses the aesthetics of typography and the compositional arrangement of the text, ornamentation, and imagery to convey ideas, feelings, and attitudes beyond what language alone expreses. Graphic design has, as a field of application, different areas of knowledge focused on any visual communication system. For example, it can be applied in advertising strategies, or it can also be applied in the aviation world [4] or space exploration.

With origins in antiquity and the Middle Ages , [7] graphic design as applied art was initially linked to the boom of rise of printing in Europe in the 15th century and the growth of consumer culture in the Industrial Revolution.

Given the rapid and massive growth in information exchange today, the demand for experienced designers is greater than ever, particularly because of the development of new technologies and the need to pay attention to human factors beyond the competence of the engineers who develop them.

William Addison Dwiggins is often credited with first using the term “graphic design”in a article, [10] although it appears in a 4 July issue volume 9, number 27 of Organized Labor , a publication of the Labor Unions of San Francisco, in an article about technical education for printers: [11].

An Enterprising Trades Union … The admittedly high standard of intelligence which prevails among printers is an assurance that with the elemental principles of design at their finger ends many of them will grow in knowledge and develop into specialists in graphic design and decorating.

Both classes were taught by Frederick Meyer. In both its lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, the distinction between advertising , art, graphic design and fine art has disappeared.

They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising, the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, “the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression, and feeling to artifacts that document the human experience. In China, during the Tang Dynasty — wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in is the earliest known printed book.

Beginning in the 11th century in China, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing, making books widely available during the Song dynasty — In the midth century in Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg developed a way to reproduce printed pages at a faster pace using movable type made with a new metal alloy [15] that created a revolution in the dissemination of information.

In , Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the importance of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures. He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian design.

From to , William Morris ‘ Kelmscott Press was a leader in graphic design associated with the Arts and Crafts movement , creating hand-made books in medieval and Renaissance era style, [17] in addition to wallpaper and textile designs. Will H. Bradley became one of the notable graphic designers in the late nineteenth-century due to creating art pieces in various Art Nouveau styles. Bradley created a number of designs as promotions for a literary magazine titled The Chap-Book.

The poster is recognized for including a system of curved lines and forms. The poster also borrows elements from Japanese printing styles by using flat colored planes.

Bradley’s works have proven to be inspiration as the concept of art posters would become more commonplace by the early twentieth century. In addition, art posters would become a significant aspect in the subject of advertising. In , Frederick H. The signage in the London Underground is a classic design example [23] of the modern era.

Although he lacked artistic training, Frank Pick led the Underground Group design and publicity movement. The first Underground station signs were introduced in with a design of a solid red disk with a blue bar in the center and the name of the station.

The station name was in white sans-serif letters. It was in when Pick used the expertise of Edward Johnston to design a new typeface for the Underground. Johnston redesigned the Underground sign and logo to include his typeface on the blue bar in the center of a red circle. In the s, Soviet constructivism applied ‘intellectual production’ in different spheres of production.

The movement saw individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They designed buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc. Jan Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his book, New Typography.

They pioneered production techniques [ citation needed ] and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in the modern style gain widespread acceptance and application. The post-World War II American economy revealed a greater need for graphic design, mainly in advertising and packaging. The spread of the German Bauhaus school of design to Chicago in brought a “mass-produced” minimalism to America; sparking “modern” architecture and design.

Notable names in mid-century modern design include Adrian Frutiger , designer of the typefaces Univers and Frutiger ; Paul Rand , who took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the principal pioneers of corporate identity , a subset of graphic design.

The professional graphic design industry grew in parallel with consumerism. This raised concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with the First Things First manifesto. First launched by Ken Garland in , it was re-published as the First Things First manifesto in in the magazine Emigre 51 [28] stating “We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication – a mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning.

The scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design.

The manifesto was also published in Adbusters , known for its strong critiques of visual culture. Graphic design can have many applications from road signs to technical schematics and reference manuals.

It is often used in branding products and elements of company identity such as logos , colors, packaging and text as part of see also advertising. From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information – known as information design.

With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools are increasingly used to illustrate the background to news stories.

Information design can include data visualization , which involves using programs to interpret and form data into a visually compelling presentation, and can be tied in with information graphics. A graphic design project may involve the creative presentation of existing text , ornament, and images. The “process school” is concerned with communication; it highlights the channels and media through which messages are transmitted and by which senders and receivers encode and decode these messages.

The semiotic school treats a message as a construction of signs which through interaction with receivers, produces meaning; communication as an agent.

Typography includes type design, modifying type glyphs and arranging type. Type glyphs characters are created and modified using illustration techniques.

Type arrangement is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking the space between all characters used , kerning the space between two specific characters and leading line spacing. Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and clerical workers. Until the digital age, typography was a specialized occupation. Certain fonts communicate or resemble stereotypical notions. For example, Report is a font which types text akin to a typewriter or a vintage report.

Page layout deals with the arrangement of elements content on a page, such as image placement, text layout and style. Page design has always been a consideration in printed material and more recently extended to displays such as web pages. In the mids desktop publishing and graphic art software applications introduced computer image manipulation and creation capabilities that had previously been manually executed. Computers enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic changes, and to simulate the effects of traditional media.

Traditional tools such as pencils can be useful even when computers are used for finalization; a designer or art director may sketch numerous concepts as part of the creative process.

Designers disagree whether computers enhance the creative process. Most designers use a hybrid process that combines traditional and computer-based technologies. First, hand-rendered layouts are used to get approval to execute an idea, then the polished visual product is produced on a computer. Graphic designers are expected to be proficient in software programs for image-making, typography and layout.

Nearly all of the popular and “industry standard” software programs used by graphic designers since the early s are products of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Photoshop a raster -based program for photo editing and Adobe Illustrator a vector-based program for drawing are often used in the final stage. Some designers across the world use CorelDraw. CorelDraw is a vector graphics editor software developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. Open source software used to edit the vector graphis is Inkscape.

You can import or export the file in any other vector format. Designers often use pre-designed raster images and vector graphics in their work from online design databases. Powerful open-source programs which are free are also used by both professionals and casual users for graphic design, these include Inkscape for vector graphics , GIMP for photo-editing and image manipulation , Krita for painting , and Scribus for page layout.

Since the advent of personal computers, many graphic designers have become involved in interface design , in an environment commonly referred to as a Graphical User Interface GUI.

This has included web design and software design when end user-interactivity is a design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with an understanding of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers and web developers to create the look and feel of a web site or software application. An important aspect of interface design is icon design. User experience design UX is the study, analysis, and development of creating products that provide meaningful and relevant experiences to users.

This involves the creation of the entire process of acquiring and integrating the product, including aspects of branding, design, usability, and function. Experiential graphic design is the application of communication skills to the built environment.

As such, it is a cross-disciplinary collaborative process involving designers, fabricators, city planners, architects, manufacturers and construction teams. Experiential graphic designers try to solve problems that people encounter while interacting with buildings and space also called environmental graphic design. Examples of practice areas for environmental graphic designers are wayfinding , placemaking , branded environments, exhibitions and museum displays, public installations and digital environments.

Graphic design career paths cover all parts of the creative spectrum and often overlap. Workers perform specialized tasks, such as design services, publishing, advertising and public relations.

They can include graphic designer , art director, creative director , animator and entry level production artist. Depending on the industry served, the responsibilities may have different titles such as ” DTP Associate ” or ” Graphic Artist “.

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There are many different open source licenses but they all must comply with the Open Source Definition – in brief: the software can be freely used, modified and shared. This license is commonly used for video games and it allows users to download and play the game for free. Basically, a product is offered Free to Play Freemium and the user can decide if he wants to pay the money Premium for additional features, services, virtual or physical goods that expand the functionality of the game.

In some cases, ads may be show to the users. Demo programs have a limited functionality for free, but charge for an advanced set of features or for the removal of advertisements from the program’s interfaces. In some cases, all the functionality is disabled until the license is purchased. Demos are usually not time-limited like Trial software but the functionality is limited.

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